Body Images in the Media Essay Example For Students

Self-perceptions in the Media Essay Face the FactBody Images in the Media Mirror reflect on the divider who is the most attractive one of all? Social orders norms for body shape and the significance of magnificence is advanced by different media. The media joins magnificence to images of bliss, love and accomplishment for ladies. Media depicts these pictures as attainable and genuine. Until ladies acknowledge their self-perception, they will keep on estimating themselves against social orders impeccable picture. Media portrayals of self-perception add to social patterns of undesirable ways of life. Female youngsters figure out how to stress over their appearance since the beginning. Enormous amounts of young ladies between the ages of three and ten have at least one Barbie dolls. On TV kids are shelled with plugs demonstrating tall and slender ladies advancing eating less junk food items and driving a fantasy life. Being presented to various flawless female pictures drives young ladies attempting to overcome their blemishes into their grown-up life. Parental messages about appearance likewise impactsly affect little youngsters. In the Second Edition of Feminist Issues, Susan A. McDaniel remarks: For the female kid, to be surveyed as lovely or wonderful is the most elevated honor, one that generally makes her folks proudTo be pretty is to be affirmed of, loved and compensated. She additionally makes reference to that in outset, females are decided by principles of adorableness and attractiveness and this movements with age into gauges of excellence and allure. Guardians of infan ts will in general accentuate appearance more in young ladies than in young men. Self-perception isnt pretty much appearance. What young ladies feel about their bodies is straightforwardly connected to their confidence and certainty. Numerous magazines which offer to high school young ladies, for example, Sassy, Seventeen, and Cosmopolitan publicize utilizing numerous underweight models and advance items, for example, diet pills and Slim Fast. As kids arrive at puberty they see that about the entirety of the renowned on-screen characters and models have the ideal picture. A few young ladies will successfully attempt to resemble their move model on T.V. Numerous young ladies in their immaturity years will procure dietary problems such anorexia and bulimia to be wonderful. Due to social impact, what numerous females neglect to acknowledge is that magnificence is contained inside. Social impact expands itself into legislative issues also. In March 1997, Doug Young alluded to Deborah Gr ay as a chunk of bacon. Alluding to the size of her body as a chunk of bacon can just lower her confidence and make disappointment towards her self-perception. In the event that she were a male, this discourteous remark would not have been made. Numerous techniques for weight reduction being utilized today are hurtful to wellbeing. Without precedent for history, the smoking pace of young ladies presently outperforms that of young men, with the enticing inspiration of weight control. This expanded pace of female smokers will build the quantity of ladies who pass on of an ailment brought about by smoking. Another normal strategy to get thinner is to eat less carbs. This can prompt bulimia and anorexia. Bulimia is described by scenes of abstaining from excessive food intake and gorging, disposing of the food and fat devoured by regurgitating, just as extreme dread of fat and weight gain. Anorexia is portrayed by starvation consuming less calories, over the top working out, undesirable weight and furthermore an exceptional dread of fat. Both bulimia and Anorexia can make you sick and can likewise be lethal. Presently these foolish strategies are generally bolstered for the change towards an ideal picture. Media covers their antagonistic pictures with trademarks that numerous individuals will discover engaging. Medias pictures of ladies negatively affect confidence and subliminally hampers them. There will consistently be somebody progressively delightful if ladies contrast themselves with the barbaric pictures depicted in media. Ladies should feel partner about what their identity is. You goodness Queen are reasonable Ts valid, however Snow White is far more pleasant than you.

Non Conventional Machine Free Essays

Module 9 Non-ordinary machining Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Lesson 36 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Instructional Objectives I. ii. iii. We will compose a custom article test on Non Conventional Machine or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now iv. Depict the fundamental system of material expulsion in USM Identify the procedure parameters of USM Identify the machining attributes of USM Analyze the impact of procedure parameters on material evacuation rate (MRR) v. Create numerical model relating MRR with USM parameters vi. Attract variety MRR with various procedure parameters vii. Distinguish significant parts of USM gear viii. Express the working rule of USM gear ix. Draw schematically the USM hardware x. Rundown three utilizations of USM xi. Rundown three confinements of USM 1. Presentation Ultrasonic machining is a non-conventional machining process. USM is gathered under the mechanical gathering NTM forms. Fig. 9. 2. 1 quickly portrays the USM procedure. Power, F Slurry of rough and water Horn Vibration recurrence f ~ 19 †25 kHz Amplitude, a ~ 10 †50 ? m Tool Work Fig. 9. 2. 1 The USM procedure In ultrasonic machining, an apparatus of wanted shape vibrates at a ultrasonic recurrence (19 ~ 25 kHz) with a plentifulness of around 15 †50 ? over the workpiece. For the most part the instrument is squeezed descending with a feed power, F. Between the instrument and workpiece, the machining zone is overwhelmed with hard rough particles by and large as a water based slurry. As the device vibrates over the workpiece, the rough particles go about as the indenters and indent both the work material and the apparatus. The grating particles, a s they indent, the work material, would expel the equivalent, especially if the work material is weak, because of break inception, spread and fragile crack of the Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur aterial. Subsequently, USM is basically utilized for machining weak materials {which are poor transmitters of power and in this manner can't be handled by Electrochemical and Electro-release machining (ECM and ED)}. 2. Instruments of Material Removal in USM and its demonstrating As has been referenced before, USM is commonly utilized for machining fragile work material. Material expulsion principally happens because of the space of the hard rough corn meal on the fragile work material. As the apparatus vibrates, it prompts space of the rough corn meal. During space, because of Hertzian contact stresses, splits would grow just underneath the contact site, at that point as space advances the breaks would proliferate because of increment in stress and at last lead to weak crack of the work material under every individual cooperation site between the rough corn meal and the workpiece. The device material ought to be with the end goal that space by the rough corn meal doesn't prompt fragile disappointment. Subsequently the apparatuses are made of extreme, solid and pliable materials like steel, treated steel and other pliable metallic amalgams. Other than this weak disappointment of the work material because of space some material evacuation may happen because of free streaming effect of the abrasives against the work material and related strong effect disintegration, yet it is assessed to be fairly inconsequential. In this manner, in the present model, material expulsion would be expected to happen just because of effect of abrasives among device and workpiece, trailed by space and fragile crack of the workpiece. The model considers the distortion of the apparatus. In the present model, all the abrasives are viewed as indistinguishable fit as a fiddle and size. A grating molecule is viewed as round yet with nearby circular lumps as appeared in Fig. 9. 2. 2. The rough particles are described by the normal coarseness distance across, dg. It is additionally expected that the neighborhood circular lumps have a uniform measurement, db and which is identified with the coarseness width by db = ? dg2. In this manner a grating is described by ? what's more, dg. db dg Fig. 9. 2. 2 Schematic portrayal of grating coarseness Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur During space by the grating coarseness onto the workpiece and the apparatus, the neighborhood circular lumps contact the surfaces and the space procedure is portrayed by db as opposed to by dg. Fig. 9. 2. 3 shows the association between the grating coarseness and the workpiece and instrument. Instrument db rough coarseness db Work A B db 2x C D ?w Hemispherical material evacuated because of weak Fig. 9. 2. 3 Interaction among coarseness and workpiece and apparatus As the space continues, the contact zone between the rough coarseness and workpiece is set up and the equivalent develops. The contact zone is roundabout in nature and is described by its breadth ‘2x’. At full space, the space profundity in the work material is portrayed by ? w. Because of the space, as the work material is fragile, weak crack happens prompting hemi-circular break of distance across ‘2x’ under the contact zone. In this manner material expulsion per rough coarseness is given as 2 ? w = ? x 3 Now from Fig. 9. 2. 3 AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 ? db ? ?d ? ? ? = ? b ? ? w ? + x2 ? 2 ? ? 2 ? 2 x = db? w dismissing ? w2 as ? w The most effective method to refer to Non Conventional Machine, Papers

The Oil In The Middle East And Its Political Effects Essay

The Oil In The Middle East And It's Political Effects Essay The Oil In The Middle East And It's Political Effects â€" Essay Example > Oil in the Middle East and its Political EffectsIntroductionThe most important geopolitical issue that the world has seen is the existence of oil in the Middle Eastern countries. Oil is the most important factor in the Middle Eastern issues that include the geographical issues as well as the political issues. The resources that the Middle East has are enormous and these are the resources that not only form the backbone of the western economies. Countries that are regarded as being the superpowers are the ones who have the main interest in Middle East and this is because of the reason that Middle East holds one of the most important energy resources as oil. The superpower countries that want to have stronger relations with Middle Eastern countries include USA, France, Britain and Russia. Before oil was discovered in the area, Middle East was the region surrounded by many conflicts of religious nature. In the past there have been many wars in relation to the rich energy resources as well as arable land. As history says the interests that the western countries had in Middle East were related to the gain of power to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire has been one of the main challenges that Middle East had to face in previous years as well as for the western countries. Therefore, these are the countries which are aware of these kinds of propagandas that arise in the Middle Eastern times. This has been especially noticed in European colonial times. In geopolitical terms it has been noticed that before and after the Ottoman Empire, a negative kind of stereotyping that had been observed was one reason that the superpowers from around the world came into action as they needed to be in the region and this was the reason of their involvement in this region of ultimate importance. Because of this involvement, the super powers also gained powers to Middle East. Emergence of The European WorldThe study carried out by Eric Hobsbawm in his book “The Age of Empire† is the best study to refer to the culminating years related to the European order. This is the study that reflects the fact of the European dominance on the world while having the inability to settle the contradictions and the issues that were being raised within Europe. European nations have been known to be able to make newer and vast empires which were orient in the lesser developed areas of the world. European nations for this reason are known to be the super powers. During this very time the major changes that were taking place within Europe were unable to be dealt with. The changes that were profoundly taking place within the Europe were the changes in democracy, the labor was at a high rise and the rivalries were at an increase. These were the events that took place in the year of 1914 and this was the year when the capitalists had reached the highest point in Europe revealing the strongest of all flaws in the capitalist working. This was the same time when the other chan ges were taking place in Europe including rise of politics, emergence of women and so on.

Socioeconomic Status And Low Achievement For African...

While studies have shown there’s a correlation between socioeconomic status and low achievement for African American Teens. There are valuable resources that can be used to help improve Urban Education including mentoring programs, after school programs, peer-to-peer activities, skill building career development, and cultural activities. After school programs have always been a staple in the lives of students living in Urban Communities providing different opportunities inside and outside of the school. Many programs have used mentoring and afterschool programs to help bridge the gap between secondary education and higher education. But, the effects of socioeconomic status has continued to contribute to the prevention of African Americans entering postsecondary institutions (NCES 2007). It seems that the issues preventing African American students are deeper than statistics and need a different approach to tackle this issue. It’s common knowledge that people who have h igher education are more likely to succeed, having better paying jobs. African Americans have one of lowest higher education graduation rate in the country, the NCES reported in 2009-2010 that the number of African American graduates was 164,844 compared to their Caucasian counterparts with 1,167,499. African Americans made up 10% of all graduates in 2010 (NCES 2012). Although the statistics show a huge gap between African Americans and Caucasian, African Americans are progressing and increasingShow MoreRelatedEducational Issue Involving Adolescents . Many People Blame1695 Words   |  7 Pagesstereotyping, racial judgements, and socioeconomic status. According to a study conducted by Aprile D. Benner, Alaina E. Boyle, and Sydney Sadler, American youth have made major strides in progressing in education in recent years. They also note that high school dropout rates are at an all-time low. In their report, they mention that parental education involvement has been linked to stronger academic outcomes for youth. However, adolescents that come from a low socioeconomic status are at risk for lower performanceRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is A Public Health Issue1637 Words   |  7 Pageschildbearing is a public health issue because teenage mothers are more likely to experience negative social outcomes such as dropping out of school. This is a self-reinforcing cycle, as children of teenage mothers face higher chances of poor academic achievement as well as getting pregnant or getting someone else pregnant in their teenage years (CDC). Although the overall rates of teenage pregnancy have dropped, ultimately, the variations in the rates r eflect the intersecting disparities regarding raceRead MoreAcademic Achievement Strategies For Students1454 Words   |  6 Pages ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT STRATEGIES Michelle Boyd EDUC655 Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Teens American Public University March 13, 2016 â€Æ' Academic achievement strategies Over the years, research has found inequalities in student achievement based on numerous factors related to social and economic disparities. In order to close the achievement gap and reduce student dropout rates, school counselors must develop strategies that aim at increasing student academic success while also focusingRead MoreUnderstanding And Influencing Educational Adaptability Among At Risk African American Students Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding and Influencing Educational Adaptability Among At-Risk African American Students : The Role of Administration Edward A. Delgado Texas AM University – San Antonio I certify that I am the author of this paper titled Understanding and Influencing Educational Adaptability among At-Risk African American Students: The Role of Administration, and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also citedRead MoreHow Education Is Affected By People s Socioeconomic Status, And Gender Inequality905 Words   |  4 Pagesattention to humane equivalence and malady’s bombardment. Three of these issues are Ebola, how education is affected by people’s socioeconomic status, and gender inequality. Thousands have died and many are in danger from the effects of Ebola. In 2013, the pestilent virus began in Guinea where it then meandered into Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Senegal. The African countries are now facing challenges to fight and prevent the malaise. The alarming death rate is forcing the region into a stateRead MoreThe Academic And Social Challenges Of Children From Single Parent Homes1575 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude children of different races, gender, and those who are living in a father absent home. Through my research I will show the growing need for additional programs, both after and during school, which focus on positive mentoring and academic achievement for students who often find themselves at a disadvantage to their counterparts who come from more traditional, nuclear families. Throughout my research I will utilized data derived from various entities. These entities may include government agenciesRead MoreThe Media Of Teen Drug Abuse2396 Words   |  10 PagesWhat causes the negative stigma among African American teenagers in the media regarding teen drug abuse, and does this stereotype hold any ground? We chose to research this topic because of the common stigma that the media portrays on every day African American teens, and we wanted to know how this effects their everyday lives, like how they are treated because of this stigma. Further research in this area could be a step forward into eliminating every day stereotypes and helping take another stepRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Steele s Influence On Minority Students1587 Words   |  7 PagesClaude Steele is a social psychologist with a focused interest in self-affirmation theory and its role in self-regulation and the academic under-achievement of minority students and women. Steele explained the academic under achievement of minority students with stereotype threat which is when racial and gender stereotypes can affect minority and womens grades, test scores, and acad emic identity.(Lasnier, 2009).For many years’ stereotype threat has affected minority students learning making it hardRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreA Research Study On Black Males1914 Words   |  8 Pages1989). Youth of color are disproportionately likely to grow-up in poor, disadvantaged neighborhoods characterized by high levels of psychosocial stressors and inadequate supportive resources; Poverty and racial minority status correlate with an increased risk of high-school dropout, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)(Ssewamala, et. al, 2011). Affected with such a threatening collection of social a nd economic adversities, it is amazing that the experience of Black

The Spanish Armad A Shift Of Power Creating Spain s...

Ashley Bowers Mr. Kennedy CHY 4U 25 May 2016 The Spanish Armada: A Shift Of Power Creating Spain’s Demise and England’s Uprise Infinite power is unattainable, this is because the circumstances in situations change, therefore power is thus being constantly shifted from one place to another. Power shifting can be for better or for worse, however, undoubtably so, is inevitable. The Spanish Armada, which took place in August of fifteen eighty-eight, was a Spanish fleet of one hundred and thirty ships that sailed from A Coruà ±a, with the purpose to invade England. The almighty Spain was favoured to win however it was in turn the weaker country of England that came out on top, thus making The Spanish Armada a perfect example of an extreme power†¦show more content†¦Along with this, this also led to the beginning of a power shift in leaders, where Elizabeth I, a woman, disobeyed Phillip II, a man, something that was considered very taboo during this time. This rejection overall angered Phillip as he had plans of marrying Elizabeth I for the purpose of joining her to reign the throne of England. The acrimony Phillip II then felt due to being rejected, led him to the irrational plan that was the Spanish Armada. Within this plan, Phillip II decided to attack England to gain complete control over them. His mindset was strictly focused on Spain gaining complete power, which in turn ended up working against him as it is through this that Spain’s great downfall begun. The Spanish Armada was created, and along with this, Spain’s loss of power had been initiated. Charles Phillips, British author, supports the idea of Elizabeth I marriage rejection angering King Phillip II to creating the Spanish Armada against England, which thus in turn created Spain’s dramatic downfall, in â€Å"King’s and Queens of Britain’s Golden Age† writing in the section â€Å"The Age of Elizabeth (46)† â€Å"With the death of Mary, Phillip saw that he himself could now la y claim to the english crown in the event of the restoration of Catholicism.† Here, Phillips is supporting the idea that through Phillip II’s marriage proposal, he had high hopes of gaining more power and taking over England just as he did with Portugal. Therefore, it is through

New World Analysis Free Essays

The world Huxley creates tells us that the only way a perfect society can exist is to no longer allow humans to believe in supernatural forces such as God and Jesus and to take away the fear of dying and getting old. Thus allowing humans no need for God. The theme of sex is looked at as Lenin tries to seduce John where she only enrages him to strike her naked body. We will write a custom essay sample on New World Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The act of sex been euthanized and made devoid of passion and treated casually and biblically Instead of as a personal matter. The way Lenin treats sex is Just the way his mother had sex, sleeping with every man she could and this angers John because he wants no part of the world his mother comes from. He wants to live by his own rules and by falling into the arms of Laminas naked body he believes he will have sinned. The theme of power and control Is used not by physical force but by conditioning people to follow the rules, â€Å"It Is a matter of sitting not hitting† states one character. Power is a key focus in the later chapters for it shows what must be done to create a Brave New World. Mustache Mood is the resident world controller of Western Europe. Even though he is one of the seven people In control of the entire world there Is a sense that he Is a slave to his position In life Just Like everyone else. He must control all science that Is given to the public for it can be quite subversive to the society that has been created. Mustache Mood states that â€Å"science is dangerous; we have to keep it most carefully chained and muzzled. † Life in the Brave New World is a very straight and narrow path and for It to work correctly everyone must follow the path. When people start going out of line and creating new inventions to help better mankind it is hindering the absolute perfection they have created. That is why science must be controlled and it only appears as If it is still useful but instead it has been used up to its potential. The literature of William Shakespeare Is brought up various times by John. When he is in the office with Mustache Mood they speak of Othello and how John believes the people should have access to such writings but John doesn’t fully understand that they will not get the story. Literature becomes a means of finding the self, of rebelling against conformity, and of seeking both truth and beauty, even at the cost of ignorant bliss. Mood shows John his collection of banned religious writings, and reads aloud-long passages from the nineteenth-century Catholic theologian, Cardinal Newman, and from the eighteenth-century French philosopher, Maine De Blear, to the effect that religious sentiment Is essentially a response to the threat of loss, old age, and death. Mood argues that in a prosperous, youthful society, there are no losses and therefore no need for religion.. John believes that the theme 1 OFF when any sign of pain comes over you, you take a pill. They push all of their feelings deep down and after taking their soma are in a way less human. John does not wish to live amongst everyone else and moves himself to a deserted lighthouse to live off the land and suffer with the bare necessities. John inflicts pain upon himself to leans him of his sins. He tries not to have feelings for Lenin but when he visions her naked body he imagines his dead then soon after begins to whip his back to cleanse his lust for her. The mood in the Brave New World for the most part is ironic and rather Jaded. Both Lenin and John have feelings for each other but both do not know how to express and go about these feeling in a way that works for both of them. The two of them are almost a different species and they show how clear communication is key when speaking with someone of a different kind. It brings out anger in John when Lenin misinterprets his love for her and undresses herself leaving a feeling of angst in the air that makes you worried of what John is capable of. John later rushes to the hospital for the dying and bursts into tears when he learns of his mothers succumbing death. In the hospital the nurse gets quite angry at John and says†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Of what fatal mischief he might do to these poor innocents? Undoing all their wholesome death-conditioning with this disgusting outcry-as though death were something terrible, as though any one mattered as much as all that! † Through John and his words, the mood seemed somber and terrible. His mother was dying after all. He was horrified and Just wanted to save her. He did not want his mother to die, which was understandable. On the other hand, the nurse inside the ward was more concerned about the society as a whole. She was worried about the children not being properly death conditioned. She could have cared less if Linda died or not. Her mood was worry, but not for the same reason as John. Surrounding Linda, the nurse set a mood of acceptance and inevitability. She did not even try to help her in her last few moments. Through these two characters, the author is able to convey a differing DOD on the issue of death. John felt that all that mattered at the time was his mother while the only thing the nurse was concerned about was the 6 months of death conditioning the children might have to go through again. Mustache Mood one of the 7 world leaders has an old collection of books and has read William Shakespeare. All of these writings are banned in the New World and it is quite ironic that this man has a collection of something that could destroy the world he governs. He keeps them locked in a safe Just as he keeps his past locked away no longer in use. Huxley, tells the story Brave New World in a third-person point of view. This means that the person who is narrating the story has no knowledge and has no access to the different emotions and thoughts of the other characters. He doesn’t play a part in the story, maybe even a stranger to the events. He only describes the characters through dialogues and comprehensive descriptions or by their outer appearance but cannot look into their subconscious mind. He represents the speaker as an omniscient type of person. By writing in this style it allows the reader to make there own Judgments of hat works and doesn’t work in this future world. The characterization of John and his connection with Lenin and how they both want to be with each other Just in different worldly ideas shows that there love for each other is something out of Romeo and Juliet being from different families or in this case different worlds. Although, it is also something out of a Greek tragedy where John sees Lenin as his mother and wants to be with her solely on that basis. Linda and Lamina’s names are both phonetically similar; looking at Huxley importance of choice of names in his stories we can see the relation. As well certain signs point to Lenin and Linda both being of beta caste. There are also connections John makes between his mother and his desired lover. In chapter 18 when he keeps thinking about Lenin he quickly distracts himself by thinking of his mom. He is integrating thoughts of Lenin being naked with images of his dead mother. Huxley links the event of Lenin seducing John and Land’s death at the hospital. Land’s death is what takes him away from Lenin sitting naked in his bathroom. Lenin is an expression of his subconscious desire to sleep with his mother. A play by Sophocles [Sofa-I-clean] allied Oedipus [Oedipus] the King somewhat demonstrates this Freudian theory John is demonstrating. In the play the son accidentally kills his father then sleeps with his mother. Afterwards he self mutilates himself by cutting out his eyes. John tries to kill his father figure Pope and because his mother is dead he cannot sleep with her but instead he very likely sleeps with Lenin in the orgy outside of the abandoned lighthouse. After the orgy he wakes up and covers his eyes yelling â€Å"Oh, my god, my god† remembering everything from the night before. John then takes the self- mutilation to the next level and hangs himself in the lighthouse. How to cite New World Analysis, Papers

Fairfax Media Csr Corporate Communication â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fairfax Media Csr Corporate Communication? Answer: Introduction Fairfax Media Limited [ASX:FXJ] is positioned as an innovative and renowned media firm in New Zealand and Australia. The company has renowned voice command services that help in connecting with the engaging groups. Fairfax Companys reporting structure along with its strategies is focused on keeping individuals educated and linked for over 185 years. Business segments of the company are Domain Group, Australian Metro Publishing, Digital Ventures and Fairfax New Zealand (Alam 2014). Fairfax Company maintains an link of renowned sites, tablet along with cell phone applications and online information company sites such as smh.com.au and theage.com.au in Australia and stuff.co.nz in New Zealand. The company additionally has famous transactions sites in Australia. The objective of the paper is to analyze Fairfax Media Company CSR along with analysing its corporate communications strategy. Moreover, the paper will also focus on integrating CSR and issues management of the company along with evaluating the consistency of Fairfax Media within corporate commutations messages. Integrating CSR and Issues Management CSR can be defined as a concept following which companies deal with social and ecological concerns in their business and coordinate with their partners within the global premise. Analyzing the threats of the company is essential in running a successful company. Risks might contribute to the companys loss. Within CSR functions there exist four general risk zones (Baylis et al. 2017). Store network this is country based, for example, misleading human rights, or organization based threats such as contamination Operational dangers this focuses on issues regarding direction, employee engagement and risky operations Item these results in use of risky crude materials (e.g. atomic energy) and the company to have security concerns. Societal desires this ensures the aspects demanded by the society from a company in 21st Century Organizations try to maintain effective operations, their value chain, innovation and the business sectors on which they work. This presented threats related with the human rights and work conditions. These "CSR threats" can affect the picture of the organization, which can prompt money related misfortune through purchaser blacklists and business-opportunity misfortune. A hazard is "an occasion or circumstance which could antagonistically or, then again usefully influence the business' capacity to accomplish its targets, keep up a decent notoriety what's more, and meet partner desires". A CSR hazard happens when there are a whole bathe company the desires from society and the organization business conduct. An organization should be delicate to the move in desires of its partners to have the capacity to expect CSR dangers. Desires are generally raised by feeling influencers, and communicated through the media and the Internet. On the off chance that an organization gets new patterns q uick and reacts rapidly, it will probably oversee CSR hazards and rising CSR issues. This report takes after and characterizes an issue as a state of exchange or question that is deserving of consideration when it can affect the association. Corporate social responsibility is a type of administration that considers moral issues in all parts of the business. Vital choices of an organization have both social and monetary results. Social duty of an organization is a principle component of the technique plan process (Chambers and Odar 2015). There is a misinterpretation that corporate social duty is less pertinent to private ventures; in any case, there is developing acknowledgment of the significance of social obligation regarding littler firms. Corporate social duty (CSR) and issues administration are major to hierarchical missions and long haul financial and group achievement. These two points are connected; both relate particularly to the contract of particular political economies. Though vital issues administration (SIM) is a train that helps associations, basically organizations in their acclimation to the political economy, CSR has a tendency to be different troubled and instantiated standards reflecting inclinations of operations implanted in the content of each political economy. Starting with SIM as a rationale, justification, and set of key alternatives for proactive engagement that limit the limitation of one arrangement of interests and work for the arrangement of interests, this section tends to CSR as a challenged method of reasoning for authenticity. It contends for CSR as a dynamic foundation for SIM, lastly addresses administration decisions and changes and correspondence challenges. Contemplations of corpor ate social obligation (CSR), and in addition overseeing hierarchical issues, are as old as associations themselves. In spite of the fact that not rehearsed nor pushed in the past to the degree it is today, CSR and issues administration are basic to authoritative missions and long haul financial and group achievement. The role of CSR within Fairfax Media The companys business keep up a solid concentrate on ecological and corporate social obligation (CSR). The company assumes a dynamic part in supporting neighborhood groups. The company uses our position as team leader to help along with opening up conducts and reasons those are adjusted to business goals. The company does this through sponsorships, joint efforts and raising support battles and in addition giving limited time introduction over our broad system of media resources. By driving discussions that issue and making associations that tally in the groups the company serve, Fairfax likewise utilizes its confided in voice to convey an effective open great. Quality, autonomous reporting makes groups more grounded more thoughtful, more open and straightforward. The company holds governments and the capable up to open examination and to account. At Fairfax, the company endeavor to be precise and reasonable in our detailing. The company has set up inward procedures which expect to g uarantee this happens. The company effectively support and store media industry self-direction. The companys CSR and manageability technique considers dangers and consumer interests, government, investors and groups additionally social along with environmental parts of our business exercises and the effect on long haul money related feasibility. By coordinating CSR and maintainability into center business process and people management, Fairfax can attain an objective of developing social as well as corporate esteem. Fairfax has a mix of combined and decentralized CSR and manageability projects that makes sure to guarantee several advantages to our neighborhood groups, consumers along with the representatives. Such projects are looked into yearly and execution is following the company, measured and investigated. There are five key columns in our CSR and maintainability methodology: Condition Publication Integrity Group Individuals and Culture Money related Viability and Sustainability Fairfax Media plays its part being a capable business and puts stock in significance of offering to groups within which the company has its work close by. The organization is main follower of media industry in New Zealand's occasions that encompass CAANZ Media Awards, CAANZ Axis Awards, CAANZ Effie Awards, NZ Marketing Awards, Fairfax/Ad Media Agency of the Year Awards, and Fairfax Media AWARD Copy School. Several media occasions it underpins incorporate the Sir Terry McLean Awards, Aotearoa Students' Press Association Awards and the Mike Robson Fellowship. The company additionally embraces various beneficent activities inside the social division, banding together with a scope of group gatherings to profit the countrys people. Within local level, daily papers bolster their neighborhood groups by sponsorship along with scope of donning, social, creative and philanthropy activities. First Books of Fairfax Auckland Ports within the Bays New Zealander of the Year Awards Hall of Fame of Fairfax Media Business Manageable Business Conducts Role of CSR Issues Management for Fairfax Media Through their operations, value chain and technology Fairfax Media Company gets expose to several risks related with the human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption areas. Such risks associated to CSR are deemed to affect the reputation, image and brand of Fairfax Company. CSR risks can be faced by the company in case there is a gap between the society expectations and business behavior of the organization. Fairfax Media Company requires being sensitive regarding the shift in expectations of its stakeholders for making itself capable to estimate likely CSR risks. CSR issues management provides the organization with an occasion regarding response to emerging business issues before they are spread in the public. One of the CST issue management strategy for Fairfax Media Company will be to develop the company to higher CSR standard and decrease vulnerability areas for the business. The CSR issues those are determined by the internal factors within Fairfax Media are signified as its decreased interest within corporate social responsibility initiatives, decreasing profits and strategies that are not as per the needs of the market. It has also been revealed that the consumers tend to prefer purchasing from organizations that links themselves positively towards maintaining corporate social responsibility conducts (Duncan and Whittington 2014). This is for the reason that there is important of community issues in which the company must be interested to develop their CSR conducts. Moreover, the environmental concerns determine the help of organizations. For attaining the corporate objective of improving companys brand image and reputation, Fairfax Media thrives to invest within corporate social responsibility conducts. Consistency of Fairfax Media Corporate Communication Messages400 The companys business keep up a solid concentrate on ecological and corporate social obligation (CSR). The company assumes a dynamic part in supporting neighborhood groups. The company uses our position as a group pioneer to help and open up activities and causes which are adjusted to business goals. The company does this through sponsorships, joint efforts and raising support battles and in addition giving limited time introduction over our broad system of media resources. By driving discussions that issue and making associations that tally in the groups the company serve, Fairfax likewise utilizes its confided in voice to convey an effective open great. Quality, autonomous reporting makes groups more grounded more thoughtful, more open and straightforward. The company holds governments and the capable up to open examination and to account. At Fairfax, the company endeavor to be precise and reasonable in our detailing. The company has set up inward procedures which expect to guaran tee this happens. The company effectively support and store media industry self-direction. The companys CSR and manageability technique considers dangers and the interests of our clients, representatives, investors and groups, and additionally social and ecological parts of our business exercises and the effect on long haul money related feasibility. The companys business keep up a solid concentrate on ecological and corporate social obligation (CSR). The company assumes a dynamic part in supporting neighborhood groups. The company uses our position as a group pioneer to help and open up activities and causes which are adjusted to business goals. The company does this through sponsorships, joint efforts and raising support battles and in addition giving limited time introduction over our broad system of media resources. By driving discussions that issue and making associations that tally in the groups the company serve, Fairfax likewise utilizes its confided in voice to convey an effective open great. Quality, autonomous reporting makes groups more grounded more thoughtful, more open and straightforward. The company holds governments and the capable up to open examination and to account. At Fairfax, the company endeavor to be precise and reasonable in our detailing. The company has set up inward procedures which expect to guaran tee this happens. The company effectively support and store media industry self-direction. The companys CSR and manageability technique considers dangers and the interests of our clients, representatives, investors and groups, and additionally social and ecological parts of our business exercises and the effect on long haul money related feasibility. Overall Evaluation of Communication and Recommendations Ensure social duty program mirrors image- The Company must begin with how the social obligation is worded or introduced. It must correspond with your image informing, which means it ought to have a connection or association with the company image characteristics. How you do your CSR exercises ought to likewise incorporate the brand, even from the way the group speaks with the group or beneficiaries of the CSR. Indeed, even the materials utilized as a part of your CSR ought to likewise, the companies much as could be expected, utilize a similar look and feel, keeping in mind the end goal to empathy company moment review among the individuals who see it (Decaux and Sarens 2015). Make it feasible for them to effortlessly relate your CSR with your brand.CSR is not restricted to giving cash or other material things. Indeed, even various hours of doing humanitarian effort will do, and are probably going to be instrumental in helping their image little, the companies it is pick up acknowled gment. Online networking stages have empathy company red organizations to have a more extensive reach, and this is likewise an incredible chance to present its philanthropic endeavors. In acknowledgment of the energy of online networking, administration even makes the company-based social networking groups inside their positions, and they are in charge of dealing with their the company-based social networking accounts. These online networking accounts are the ideal roads to share the organization's CSR stories. That way, regardless of the possibility that the media is not ready to cover it, there is as yet at the company full approach to let the general population thinks about the organization's social duty endeavors. They catchphrase here is "dynamic". The organization ought to effectively utilize online networking keeping in mind the end goal to expand mindfulness about the organization's social duty exercises and, in the meantime, increment mark value. Social duty enhances an organization's open picture. Organizations know about the significance of general society, particularly their intended interest group, having a positive impression of them. Obviously, their social obligation, as a matter of first importance, is convey great incentive for cash and give renowned items and administrations, trailed by giving great after-deals bolster, consumer advantages, combination in supports and metro reasons, and largely performing acts that exhibit the way in which the company is concerned about their clients, the earth along with public in general. On the off chance that one see, companies having increased social obligation strategies indicates improvement signs in media scope, so that a single approach is used to make their organization renowned. Attaining increased press through conducting benevolent acts is considered by organizations to be extraordinary compared to other approaches to promote the organization. Conclusion The objective of the paper was to analyze Fairfax Media Company CSR along with analysing its corporate communications strategy. Moreover, the paper will focussed on integrating CSR and issues management of the company along with evaluating the consistency of Fairfax Media within corporate communications messages. It was gathered from the paper that Fairfax has an arrangement of renowned sites, tablet along with cell phone applications that encompass online news from company sites in Australia and in New Zealand. The company additionally has renowned ordered along with transactions sites in Australia. The Company must begin with how the social obligation is worded or introduced. It must correspond with your image informing, which means it ought to have a connection or association with the company image characteristics. The way the company does CSR exercises ought to likewise incorporate the brand, even from the way the group speaks with the group or beneficiaries of the CSR. References Alam, I.U., 2014. Effectual compliance audit of vendors development. Baylis, R.M., Burnap, P., Clatworthy, M.A., Gad, M.A. and Pong, C.K., 2017. Private lenders demand for audit.Journal of Accounting and Economics. Brawley, S., Clark, J., Dixon, C., Ford, L., Nielsen, E., Ross, S. and Upton, S., 2015. History on trial: Evaluating learning outcomes through audit and accreditation in a national standards environment.Teaching and Learning Inquiry: The ISSOTL Journal,3(2), pp.89-105. Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), pp.34-55. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. Decaux, L. and Sarens, G., 2015. Implementing combined assurance: insights from multiple case studies.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), pp.56-79. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: Does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Earley, C.E., Hooks, K.L., Joe, J.R., Polinski, P.W., Rezaee, Z., Roush, P.B., Sanderson, K.A. and Wu, Y.J., 2016. The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Organization 's Response to the International Auditing and Assurance Standard's Board's Invitation to Comment: Enhancing Audit Quality in the Public Interest.Current Issues in Auditing,11(1), pp.C1-C25. Graham, L., 2015.Internal Control Audit and Compliance: Documentation and Testing Under the New COSO Framework. John Wiley Sons. Homb, N.M., Sheybani, S., Derby, D. and Wood, K., 2014. Audit and feedback intervention: An examination of differences in chiropractic record-keeping compliance.Journal of Chiropractic Education,28(2), pp.123-129. Jones, G. and Beattie, C., 2015. Local government internal audit compliance.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,9(3), p.59. Levy, M., 2015. Protecting customer data: with personal information at risk, internal auditors must provide assurance for the many facets that make up data security.Internal Auditor,72(4), pp.32-37. Martin, K., Sanders, E. and Scalan, G., 2014. The potential impact of COSO internal control integrated framework revision on internal audit structured SOX work programs.Research in Accounting Regulation,26(1), pp.110-117.

My Favorite Holiday free essay sample

Sinulog is a dance ritual in honor of the miraculous image of the Santo Nino. The dance moves to the sound of the drums and this resembles the current (Sinulog) of what was then known as Cebus Pahina River. Thus, in Cebuano, they say its Sinulog. Sinulog, which is of pagan origin, is the link between the countrys pagan past and its Christian present. Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan came to Cebu on April 7, 1521 to plant the cross on its shore and claim the country for the King of Spain, Sinulog was already danced by the natives in honor of their wooden idols and anitos. Then Magellan came and introduced Christianity. He gave the Santo Nino (image of the Child Jesus) as baptismal gift to Hara Amihan, wife of Cebus Rajah Humabon who was later named Queen Juana. This time however, they danced it no longer to worship their native idols but a sign of reverence to the Santo Nino which is now enshrined at the San Agustin Church (renamed Basilica Minore del Santo Nino). We will write a custom essay sample on My Favorite Holiday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course, through the years since 1521, the dance was a small ritual danced by a few in front of wooden idols or before the Santo Nino. In fact, at the Santo Nino Church where the image is consecrated, only the candle vendors could be seen dancing the Sinulog and making offerings. During the Santo Nino fiesta which falls on the third Sunday of January, children dressed moro-moro costumes also dance the Sinulog.

Example Sentences of the Verb Break

Example Sentences of the Verb Break This page provides example sentences of the verb break in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form break / Past Simple broke / Past Participle broken / Gerund breaking Present Simple Some glass breaks easily. Present Simple Passive This toy is often broken by children. Present Continuous He is breaking into his new job well. Present Continuous Passive The house is being broken into! Call the police! Present Perfect He has broken a number of records in his field. Present Perfect Passive That vase has been broken more than four times. Present Perfect Continuous Mary has been breaking open eggs for more than twenty minutes. Past Simple Jack broke that computer last week. Past Simple Passive That computer was broken last week. Past Continuous She was breaking open the champagne as I walked into the room. Past Continuous Passive The champagne was being broken open as I walked into the room. Past Perfect They had already broken into the house when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Passive The house had already been broken into when the occupants arrived. Past Perfect Continuous She had been breaking open the eggs for twenty minutes before she began making the cake. Future (will) I think he will break that toy. Future (will) Passive That toy will be broken soon! Future (going to) She is going to break that dish! Be Careful! Future (going to) Passive That dish is going to be broken soon. Future Continuous I will be breaking into a new job this time next week. Future Perfect Your vows will have been broken by the time you read this letter. Future Possibility You might break that glass. Real Conditional If you do that, youll break the toy. Unreal Conditional If she broke the vase, her mother would be very angry. Past Unreal Conditional If she hadnt broken that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry. Present Modal You must break this glass to get the fire extinguisher. Past Modal Jack must have broken this vase. Hes so clumsy. Quiz: Conjugate With Break Use the verb to break to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Mary _____ open eggs for more than twenty minutes.That computer ______ by Tom last week.I think he _____ that toy.She _____ open the champagne as I walked into the room.He _____ a number of records in his field.The house _____ into! Call the police!If you do that, you _____ the toy.If she _____ that vase, her mother wouldnt have become so angry.Jack _____ that computer last week.Some glass _____ easily. Quiz Answers has been breakingwas brokenwill breakwas breakinghas brokenis being brokenwill breakhadnt brokenbrokebreaks

Celebrating Nerdiness Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Celebrating Nerdiness Analysis - Coursework Example In the first paragraph, Rogers mentions some stereotyped definitions of nerdiness, such as being â€Å"friendless† and â€Å"book-smart sissies† (1). He opposes the definition of nerdiness as being suck-ups, however, because nerds, since they are nerds, violate social norms at the behest of authorities. Rogers also underlines that the rise of the Internet makes nerdiness cool to some extent, because their computer skills are handy in high-tech societies. Roger starts expounding on the definition of nerdiness on the first paragraph, because he already names several common definitions of nerdiness. This placement is effective, because it establishes ethos. Rogers is saying that he knows what a nerd is, because he is a nerd himself. His experiences are sufficient to explain that society often get nerdiness wrong. In the first paragraph, he stresses that nerds are far from being suck-ups to authority figures, because their deficiency in social skills tend to â€Å"horrify† the latter (1). The effect of this statement is it shows that nerds are not concerned of following authority, in fact, they are ultimate individualists, sometimes, too extremely so that their social skills and experiences suffer in the process. But like any other individual, these consequences are acceptable, because it indicates that nerds are social rebels, to some extent, and this makes them similar to other average-intelligence people. 2. Using the list on pp. 250-251 in Wyrick, (attached) identify and provide examples of those strategies used by the author in order to clarify the definition. For example, does he compare nerdiness to something else? Does he use familiar synonyms for nerdiness? Does he illustrate what nerdiness is not (negation)? Does he explain the etymology (history) of nerdiness? Does the definition change from the beginning to the end of the essay? Rogers uses the strategy of describing distinguishing

Book report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Book report - Essay Example However, the Chinese artistic traditions were usually only partially valued in the Western world. For example, researchers more often studied Chinese sculpture and paid little attention to such a valuable form of art in China as calligraphy. In this regard, in his book Clunas attempts to compensate for such a one-sided traditional approach to the study of art in China, as for one he describes the mentioned virtual omission by Western scholars of calligraphy as an art form in favor of painting, and even points out that the cognomen "Chinese Art" is mostly a Western concept. In reality, as we learn, for the most period of its history in China artistic sphere was closely connected with its functions, be they decorative, religious, or political in nature. Now contrast this with the notion of a kind of an isolated museum exhibition that may arise from the Western approach to the study of art, and we may understand why Chinese art has not been fully appreciated in the West and what potenti al benefits the approach of Clunas may offer. With the mentioned innovative approaches to his investigation Craig Clunas apparently manages to penetrate deep within his subject of study due to his organic combination of study of Chinese arts in their proper contexts with attention to all their essential aspects, starting from tomb artifacts and up to the Mao Zedong era. Interestingly, with these observations in mind we can also think of Clunas`s book as simultaneously a critical investigation of the Western perception of Chinese art. Let us see how the author tackles the task that he has set before him. This can already be seen from an introduction where, instead of attempts to superficially describe the most important artists and works of art of different periods of history, Clunas rather chooses to elaborate on the plausible historic context that accompanied works of Chinese art. As we learn, it turns out

Steps in the Process of Fertilization

Steps in the Process of Fertilization Fertilization is an essential process in sexual reproduction which involves the union of two specialized cells called the gametes to form a zygote. This then develops to form the new organism. During the process of fertilization innumerable number of sperms hit the surface of the eggs. But only one sperm succeeds in fertilizing it and the rest are repelled from the surface of the egg. This is done by the modification of cell envelope extracellular matrix besides altering the metabolic activity of the zygote or embryo. Various metabolic changes occur after the zygote is formed. This includes the respiratory burst hydrogen peroxide production activation of oxidases peroxidase alterations in the redox status changes in the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors etc. Besides these an embryo-derived paf (1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-gylcero-3-phosphocholine) is synthesized and its release involves the binding to extracellular albumin which protects its enzymatic degradation (ONeill C , 1985). The change in the redox state affects the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors that may alter gene expression patterns. Besides, this change in the metabolic status also, is responsible for the spatial differences in cell activity especially after compaction and major embryonic events such as fertilization genome activation and cellular differentiation (AJ Harvey et al, 2002). Multiple variations that occurs during this stage are found throughout phylogeny (Wessel G.M.et al., 2001; Shapiro B.M. et al, 1989). Three discrete steps are involved with the formation of extracellular barrier during the post-fertilisation stage (i.e. after zygote formation): Following cortical granule exocytosis an autoactivating serine protease separates plasma membrane attachments to the eggs vitelline layer facilitating the separation of this matrix from the egg surface (Haley S.A. and Wessel G.M., 1999). The structural components of the fertilization envelope (FE) primarily derived from the cortical granules (Wessel G.M. et al, 2001) self assemble into the vitelline layer network and form a distinct pattern of cytoskeleton like structures. (Chandler D.E. Heuser J. 1980). The cortical granule-derived enzyme ovoperoxidase is targeted to the FE by the tethering protein proteoliaisin (Somers C.E. et al, 1989). The structural proteins self-polymerise into fibers. This is followed by an increase in the ovoperoxidase activity in response to alkalization (Deits T.L. and Shapiro B.M., 1986) and an increase in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (Foerder C.A. et al 1978; Heinecke J.W. Shapiro B.M., 1989). Studies on nutrient uptake during fertilization have been done in various species(Leese Barton, 1984, Leese, 1991, Rieger, 1992, Rieger et al., 1992, Rieger Loskutoff, 1994, Gardner, 1999, Gopichandran Leese, 2003). However uptake of O2 is the major parameter that provides the required indication of overall metabolic status of a single zygote (Leese, 2003) as the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation a reaction in which O2 plays a major role (Thompson et al., 1996 Thompson, 2000 Leese, 2003). Furthermore the respiratory rates of single embryos is directly in correlation with quality (Abe Hoshi, 2003) and with survival following its transfer (Overstrà ¶m, 1992). When the production of the harmful reacting species eg., destructive oxygen species supersedes the bodys handling capacity through antioxidants, cellular damage occurs. This type of damage is the usual reason for most of the pathological states in animals, especially in nearly half of the infertile men. ROS bring their damage through various routes; the membrane of the sperm is damaged, which causes the motility rate of sperm to reduce and subsequently its inability to fuse with the egg during the fertilization process. ROS also alter the DNA of the sperm, leading to the improper genetic material getting transferred to the next generation. In spite of this, there is an inverse correlelation between the spermsa ability to produce ROS and their maturation. In the middle of the process of spermatogenesis, the cytoplasm of the sperm is lost due to its compaction (condensation) which is required for the elongation of sperm. This is witness from the study that immature teratozoospermic spe rms are featured by the presence of increased residues in cytoplasm in the mid-piece. Besides the cytotoxic damage caused by the levels of ROS in spermatozoa, hazardous oxygen metabolites produced by the leucocytes present in the ejaculate also damages it. This damage is more significant in the assisted conception therapy, where the contamination of the sperms washed, is presumed to the predominant factor determining the success rate of the fertilization, invitro. The so called reactive oxygen species ROS viz. H2O2 O2- · OH · etc affect the gametes and early reproductive events. ROS, produced by the peroxidation of the lipids, affects and changes the mitochondrial metabolism, besides producing more ROS. ROS are mainly known for their deleterious effects on spermatozoa and hence on male infertility (de Lamirande E et al, 1997, Sharma, RK Agarwal A, 1996, Shen, H Ong, C, 2000). Increased production of ROS has been associated with defects in the morphology of sperm (Aziz N et al 2004) inhibition of sperm motility (Armstrong JS et al, 1999, Parinaud J et al, 1997) fragmentation of sperm DNA (Donnelly ET et al, 1999) and premature capacitation (Villegas J et al, 2003). Further ROS also decreases the capacity for sperm-oocyte fusion efficiency and greatly inhibit the in vitro development of the embryo (Johnson MH et al, 1994, Guerin P et al, 2001, Mammoto A et al, 1996). More than six decades ago, it was discovered that the oxygen radicals (ROS) may have involved in the reproduction of human, especially men. (MacLeod, 1943). But the same was not studied to that extent in the case of female reproductive function, with only little works on pathological and physiological processes. Paszkowski observed that the selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx) was decreased in follicular fluids of women with no record of infertility (Paszkowski et al., 1995; Paszowski and Clarke, 1996). He also demonstrated that the levels of SeGPx were higher in those follicles which yielded oocytes that were successfully fertilized, compared to those follicles which yielded oocytes that failed to fertilize. Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide was found in the unfertilized oocytes also in fragmented embryos ( Yang et al., 1998). Whereas an increase in the antioxidant consumption was reported by Paszkowski and Clarke (1996) revealing an increase in the ROS activity, w hen poor quality embryos were incubated. Attaran et al (2000) observed a beneficial role of ROS, with its levels were high in the follicular fluid in IVF conception cycles compared to that of non-conception. Besides acting on sperm or oocytes separately, ROS were also reported to have its deleterious effect on sperm-oocyte fusion also. Studies reporting the fact the decrease in the levels of enzymes like catalase resulting in the loss of sperm motility. Many other studies produced a conclusive evidence for the production of ROS by human spermatozoa and showed that there was indeed an increase in the activity of ROS, in infertile men. If conventional method of invitro fertilization procedures were employed, even the spermatozoa whose DNA is damaged due to ROS, was able to fertilize the oocytes. Velocity measurements in the sperm motility studied under the impact of the ROS (generated by incubation with hydrogen peroxide) showed that the quality of sperm movement was significantly aff ected, but were motile, extremely; only the percentage motility was affected. Increased reactive oxygen species production was observed at 7 h and then at 24 h after IVF just before the first cleavage of the embryo. Increased oxidative activity and redox changes at the time of fertilization have been suggested to signal Ca2+ flux after the penetration of sperm. H2O2 besides being the substrate for ovoperoxidase is produced by a calcium-depending mechanism involving the reduction of one molecule of oxygen and the oxidation of two proton donors. Contrarily low levels of ROS has a positive effect on sperm functions (Bilodeau JF et al, 2000, de Lamirande E et al, 2003) binding of sperm to zona pellucida (Aitken RJ et al, 1989) and the development of embryo in bovine and other mammals (Harvey AJ et al, 2002 Guo Y et al, 2004, Harvey AJ et al, 2004). The concentration of ROS in both intracellular and extracellular are carefully regulated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms and also by the presence of a detailed antioxidant defense mechanism in bovine oviductal tissues and fluids (Lapointe J et al 2003). Antioxidant genes especially a few glutathione peroxidases like GPx-1 Gpx-2 and Gpx-3 were differentially expressed along the oviduct. The major enzymes that are capable of metabolizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) belong to the family of GPx as well as the oviductal-catalase (Lapointe S et al, 1998, Brigelius-Flohe R, 1999). The concentration of oxygen that has to be utilized during the culture of embryos, influences the development and quality of the embryos. When the concentration of oxygen was reduced in the culture of mouse embryos, it altered the embryonic gene expression during the post-compaction stage. This has severe consequences on the fetal development of the mouse. (Deanne Feil, 2006). Furthermore blastocysts cultured under decreased O2 tension correlate more closely with in-vivo-recovered blastocysts than in vitro blastocysts cultured under normal O2 tension (Dumoulin JCet al, 1999; Yuan YQ et al, 2003; Johnson MH et al, 1994; Guerin P et al, 2001). The driving force for changes in the metabolic status of the zygote is the secretion of the cortical granules at least in sea urchins. The sea urchin embryo generates large amounts of H2O2 at the beginning of development of zygote and its levels are meticulously regulated to prevent any possible toxic effect. Because of this the sea urchin system provides greater insights into the control of reactive oxidants in biological systems. ROS can either positively or negatively affect the reproductive events in vitro. In the fertilization process the oviducts are the site of important processes that occur prior to implantation such as the maturation of oocyte in the initial stages of embryonic development (Harvey AJ et al 2002). They regulate the ROS levels to provide a proper environment for the gametes followed by their fertilization and the subsequent stages in the development of embryo. Vitamin E protects against the loss of the motility of the sperm through the peroxidation of lipids. Hence, supplementation of the same improved the motility of the sperm and enhanced the possibility of fertilization in asthenospermic invidicuals, even when the original sperm motility measured was only 20%. Spermatozoa exposed to PUFA showed an increase in its oxidative stress (Aitken, RJ, 2006). In particular, the oxidation of DHA- docosahexaenoic acid bound to phospholipid was shown to be one of the predominant factors that controls the mobility of the sperm in vitro. There is a marked cell to cell differences in the life span of sperm samples, which reflects in their susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. It is a well established fact that when a spermatozoa is subjected to oxidative stress, its membrane and the DNA is damaged through the membrane lipid peroxidation. The probability of this type of damaged spermatozoa will be able to fertilise the egg depends on the rate at which the functions of the sperm is lost. Till date, the research evidence shows that the motility of the sperm, its capacity to enter into acrosome reaction, its ability to integrate with vitelline membrane of the oocytes are all is prone to get affected by the oxidative stress. Of all the ROS, it is the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide that causes the deleterious damage to sperm capacitation and hence are the key mediators. The former contributes to the hyperactivated motility of the sperm, while the later is found to be associated with the tyrosine phosphorylation events in sperm capacitation. Current research have shown that the spermatozoa that are subjected to extreme oxidative stress using the method d escribed by Aitken RJ etal (1998) i.e, exposure to hydrogen peroxide and NADPH, have the capacity to reach the normal rate of fertilization with ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). The original postulate of the free radical hypothesis was that the ROS led to non specific modification of various biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This is responsible for the etiology of the pathological condition that arises after that. The existence of oxidase activity was first documented while measuring oxygen consumption following fertilization (Warburg O., 1908). The increase in the oxygen consumption upon fertilization of sea urchin eggs is cyanide insensitive and produces H2O2 as the substrate for ovoperoxidase which crosslink the protective FE (Foerder C.A. et al, 1978). The assembly of ovoperoxidase into the fertilization envelope and the cross linking reaction are carefully regulated events that take place in ten minutes following gamete fusion (Weidman P.J. et al 1985). High oxygen concentrations are deleterious to early mammalian embryonic development (Thompson JG et al., 1990). Heinecke Shapiro have characterized an oxidase from unfertilized Stronglylocentrolus purpuratus eggs and had demonstrated its role as respiratory burst oxidase of fertilization. Their oxidase appears to be regulated by a protein kinase. It produces H2O2 when stimulated with Ca2+ and ATP and utilizes NADPH but not NADH as a source of reducing equivalents (Jay.W.Heinecke Bennett M. Shapiro, 1989; Li J Foote RH., 1993; Dumoulin JC et al., 1999). Some of the transcription factors including PEBP2 AP-1 p53 and NF-ÃŽÂ ºB are known to be regulated by the changes in the redox status and this regulation has been shown to occur through conserved cysteine residues in the DNA-binding regions of these proteins (Hirota K et al, 1997; Hirota K et al, 1999; Ueno M et al., 1999; Akamatsu Y et al., 1997). Role of à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 fatty acids in fertilization Fatty acids are classified as: saturated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (PUFA). There are two main classes of PUFA: n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6); distinguished by the location of the first double bond i,e.,from the three or six carbon from the CH3 (methyl) end of the fatty acid. à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids. Examples include ÃŽÂ ±-linolenic acid (ALA) eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The n-3 PUFAs are generated from ALA, found mostly in the chloroplasts of green plants and grass. These essential fatty acids can be converted to longer chain PUFAs, in liver, by desaturation and elongation enzymes, that is common to both. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is rate limiting (Gurr MI et al, 2002). The human cannot synthesize this, because they do not possess the required fatty acid desaturase enzymes and therefore have to be supplemented through diet. When the gene expression of this FADS2 enzyme is deleted the first step in the PUFA biosynthesis is stopped. This lack of PUFAs and eicosanoids did not interefere with viability or lifespan of female and male fads2-l mice, but resulted in sterility. Wilhelm S. etal (2008) demonstrated that phospholipids substituted with PUFA have a significant role in Sertolic cell polarity and blood-testis barrier, besides the gap junction network between the ovarian follicles granulose cells. They are implicated in various process in human, including reproduction, vision, neural development and growth (Gurr MI et al, 2002). For over a long period, these FAs have been implicated in the different stages of vertebrate fertilization. Either of n-6 or n-3 or both influence the reproductive processes through a heterogenous mechanisms, ranging from the providing the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, regulating the transcription factors involved. In ruminants, the pregnancy is established through the ovulation of the eligible oocytes, insemination at the right time and an adequate dosage of estradion and progesterone, during the luteal and follicular stages of the estrous cycle. Oocytes of cattle, when exposed to methyl palmoxirate to prevent the FA oxidation displayed low level of capcity to form blastocysts after fertilization. Moreover, the embryo have to develop completely to prevent luteolysis, which may occur by the interfereons production to inhibit up-regulation of the endometrial oxytocin receptors. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are also reported to modulate the function of the certain transcription factors that controls the gene expression and thus have a effect on the IC concentrations of the enzymes involved in the regulation of PG and steroid hormones synthesis. In bovine endometrial stromal cells and in lutenised granulose cells, both the omega-3 and 6 PUFAs are found to activate the protein kinase C, which activa tes the phosphodiesterase by phosphorylation. All these processes are affected by the dietary supplementationof PUFAs. Therefore changes in the PUFA sources subsequently reflects in the omega-3 and omega-6 content of the sperm. And these PUFAs are more susceptible to attack by the ROS as reported by various researchers. A schematic diagram showing a proposed mechanism in which the PUFAs generating the oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. High levels of poly unsaturated fatty acids in the spermatozoa of infertile human triggers the production of the ROS from a non mitochondrial source, (may be throughthe NADPH oxidase, NOX 5, influenzed by the calcium). Increased reactive oxygen species, ROS, then induces the peroxidation of lipids, which in turn shoots out the phospholipase A2, culminating in the release of more polysaturated fatty acids with subsequent generation of more ROS to perpetuate the oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs influence various aspects of fertility starting from conception and throughout the duration of pregnancy. (ESHRE Capri Workshop Group, 2006, Kind KL, et al, 2006). These n-3 PUFAs are incorporated in the phospholipids of the cell membrane and have their effects on membrane composition function, (Hong MY, 2002), ROS production (Hong MY, 2002 ,Watkins SM, 1998), membrane lipid peroxidation (Hawkins RA etal, 1998), regulators of transcription translation (Narayana BA et al 2001, Davidson LA2004), production of eicosanoids (Chapkins RS, 1991) and IC signal transduction (Ma D, 2004). Lupton JR (2004) had observed that these mentioned actions facilitate the n-3 PUFA-induced suppression of colon cancer. Similarly, alterations in the PG synthesis (mediated through the manipulation of the n-3 PUFAs) has profound effect on fertility, since PGs affect many aspects of fertilization, e.g., ovulation). Dietary supplementation of varying PUFA content to female cattle and to other mammals have found to alter the size and the number of ovarian follicles, the ovulation rate, the production of progesterone hormone by corpus luteum, the length of gestation and luteolysis timings. In male mammals, dietary PUFAs has demonstrated effect on sperm membrane PL composition and on the ability to fertilize (Abayasekara Wathes, 1999). For instance, sheep fed with diets containing high PUFAs delayed parturition (Baguma-Nibasheka et al. 1999). They also increased the incidence of placenta getting retained in cattle (Barnouin Chassagne 1991). High supplementation of ALA in diet, during the post partum period improved pregnancy rate in cattle (Kassa et al. 2002). Embryonic mortality was reduced through the suppression of uterine synthesis of prostaglandin F2alpha in cattle was brought about by altering the FA profile in their diets. This strategy of altering the FA profile in the diets, may be used to improve animal productivity by integrating the nutrit ion and reproductive management (Mattos R etal 2000). The fatty acid composition of both oocytes and sperm are responsible for the various observations in the study of the fertilization process in animals. The FA composition of the oocytes is specific for a given species both in terms of their abundance and their utilization. Among them, EPA, DHA and ARA have been associated in several stages of reproduction (Wathes DC etal 2007). Mature zebrafish oocytes fortify with ARA, indicating their capacity to synthesize eicosanoids for ovulation and follicular maturation. ARA along with LA was the most predominant PUFAs in oocytes of pig, sheep and cattle. (McEvoy etal 2000). Decreased ARA:EPA ratio in eggs and ovaries of fish have been reported as the reason for poor productivity in the captive broodstock (Pickova J, 2007, Cejas JR et al 2003). DHA along with EPA inhibited the gonadotrophin-mediated steroid hormone synthesis in cold and warm water fishes. These two highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) act as regulator molecules in the maturat ion of those fish ovary (Mercure F et al 1995). Kim et al (2001) had observed that the quality of oocytes was influenced by the dietary FAs which changes the composition of granulose cells and oocytes. Based on those quality, the oocytes were divided in to grade1, 2, 3 etc. Kim also observed that there were differences in the FA composition between those grades of sheeps oocytes, which affected the oocytes competence, resulting in alterations in fertilization rate and developmental potential. Sheep fed with PUFAs had altered FA composition in their membrane PLs of cumulus cells, resulting in the alteration of the oocytes membrane properties (Zeron et al., 2002). Supplementation of n-6 and n-3 showed different reponses in reproduction (Wonnacot KE et al, 2010). Ewes fed with n-3 PUFAs prior to ovarian stimulation and follicular aspiration showed no changes in the follicle number and size. But follicular-fluid levels of progesterone were found to be greater and all the blastocycts (both treated and untreated with the stipulated diet ) contained increased levels of PUFAs, mostly ALA. Moreover, dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to early-lactation dairy cows showed an improvement in their reproductive performance (MJ de Veth 2009). Cows fed with 18:3 FAs rich diets had a prolonged preovulatory follicle at insemination and larger volume of corpus luteum compared to those fed with MUFAs (Bilby TR, 2006). The deficiency of essential fatty acids affects the energy and fat metabolism, biosynthesis of PUFA, structure of cell membrane and signaling pathways in lipid resulting in incompatible life (Cunnane, 2003). Studies on fads2-/- mouse model had thrown light on the various effects of the deficiency of PUFAs, invididually,( ie, omega-3, omega-6 etc) and combined. In that study, FADS2 deficiency caused hypogonadism and sterility of male (azoospermia) female mice. Spermatogenesis is stopped in male fads2-/- mice occurred at the stage of round spermatids, leading to azoospermia. This is often caused by a damaged blood testis barrier BTB. BTB is formed by TJ and AJ protein complexes that are restricted to basolateral compartment of the more polarized sertoli cells (Fanning et al, 1998; Chapin et al, 2001; Ebnet et al, 2003). Similarly Thangavelu G etal (2007) have shown that the development of embryo was increased in Holstein cows that are fed with unsaturated fatty acids compared to those with saturated fatty acids. This shows that a diet rich in ÃŽÂ ±-linoleic acid facilitates the development of embryo when compared to that of linoleic or saturated fatty acids. Another observation which showed that, enriching the semen diluents with DHAs containing egg yolk prior to freezing did not enhance the sperm quality following thawing. In both human and in domestic animals, levels of the breakdown products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde and 4-OHalkenal, had no correlation with the semen quality. But, studies on chickens showed that dietary supplementation with more PUFAs, decreased the antioxidant status and semen quality (i.e, sperm concentration and volume). In this context, the significance of the role of the non-enzymic antioxidant, vitamin-E (a chain breaking antioxidant), which reverses the negative effects caused by the PUFA supplementation is to be noted. Besides all the sources that had been mentioned in this introduction, the final source of oxidative stress is the sperm itself. Defective human sperms produce ROS, which is directly proportional to the extent of the impairment of the sperm function (Deluliis 2006). Another reason for sperm being a source for ROS is that some authors believe that they contain more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly DHA and AA (Ollero M, 2000). Their study demonstrated that exposing the human spermatozoa to various PUFAs resulted in the accelerated production of free radicals, subsequent to peroxidation of lipids and DNA damage. There is an abnormal retention of remnants of cytoplasm and a presence of increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the immature or defective human spermatozoa, which generated high levels of reactive oxygen species. PLA2 gets activated due to this peroxidation of lipid, which enhances the production of more free poly unsaturated fatty acid from the phospholipid fu rther increasing the production of ROS. In this situation, the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa under increased oxidative stress with concomitant low antioxidant status and more ROs production, will decrease dramatically as observed various researchers and in various species. Dietary n-3 PUFA affects reproductive processes including ovulation oocyte development and sperm levels motility. The in vivo morphology of oocytes is improved through a high supplementation of n-3 PUFA (zeron Y, 2002). PUFAs stimulate the generation of in vitro ROS (Aitken RJ et al 2006). In males the fatty acid composition of the sperm membrane influences their fertility and fertile men have much higher sperm levels of omega-3 FAs as compared to infertile men. Infertility and premature birth are two womens health issues where omega-3 levels are implicated. omega-3 supplementation decreased the clotting in the endometrial cells of the uterus and improved the implantation rates of fertilized eggs. Lower concentrations of spermatozoon DHA in asthenozoospermic men are not due to diet but to some type of metabolic difference (Conquer JA). Fouladi et al (2010) have shown that the ovary regulates the effects of alterations in plasma n-3 and n-6 FAs, resulting in only small effects on th eir developmental potential. The cessation of growth and some health problems in growing rats fed with low PUFAs were reversed after feeding the same with high PUFA sources rich in 18:3 ALA (Burr and Burr 1930). Reproduction in cattle is influenced more by the type of fats (ie. PUFA or MUFA) than with just fats as it is, reveals the importance of PUFAs in reproductive processes. This is more highlighted because ruminants extensively hydrogenate PUFAs, thereby limiting their supply for absorption in small intestine. Eicosanoids-independent mechanisms such as modulation of intracellular signaling pathways transcription factor activity and altered gene expression (Das UN., 2000; Dentin R et al, 2005; Simopoulos AP. et al, 2002). Fatty acids in the oocytes are utilized during its maturation and are incorporated into its cytoplasm (Ferguson EM et al, 2006; Kim JY et al, 2001). Changes in the n-3 PUFA levels in the diet alter the fatty acid composition of the oocytes and its surrounding environment affecting the oocytes maturation; modulate the development of follicles, ovulation, embryo development and developmental competence such as its ability to involve in fertilization. The changes in the diet profile for the n-3 PUFAs also had altered mitochondrial properties and increased the ROS levels in oocytes, suggesting a role for mitochondria in the impaired embryo development. Sarah et al (2008) studied the effect of diet supplementation of n-3 PUFA on the zygotes. Exposing the reproductive tract for a period of 22h (post hCG) found to increase the number of zygotes which are morphologically poor, especially when females were given a diet rich in n-3 PUFA. The in vivo-derived zygotes (which were morphologically normal) which were subjected to n-3 PUFA treatment failed to cleave and their development was delayed (Sarah et al, 2008). This was due to the impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Low and high levels of omega-3 concentrations in the blood have been implicated in various conditions. Hong et al. (2002) have observed n-3 FAs increase apoptosis in colonocytes when coincubated with butyrate. Eicosopentanoicacid increases oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation in Walker 256 rat tumor cells besides decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential (Colquhoun A et al 2001.). in oocytes this change in mitochondrial membrane potential is observed to be a consequence of metabolic inhibitors (Van Blerkom J et al 2003) and have been correlated with developmental arrest in mouse two-cell embryo increased fragmentation (Acton BM et al 2004) and the rate of embryo development in the human (Wilding M et al 2001). Low omega-3 FA in blood leads to increase in menstrual pain. Lipids of the Oocyte are crucial for the energy requirement of the preimplantation zygote. They also participate in fertilization and in the subsequent cell differentiation (Amri et al., 1994). Oocytes that are oxidatively damaged have a low levels of PUFA and are unable to undergo fertilization (TarÄ ±Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´n et al., 1996). The levels of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as well as lipid peroxidation in blood and seminal plasma of normozoospermic males from infertile couples compared with that of fertile volunteers indicate that systemic oxidative stress resulting in increased lipid peroxidation and an alteration in the fatty acid profile which may be responsible for infertility in men (Oborna I et al, 2009). The omega-6 or -3 fatty acids are the precursors for various metabolites produced in sperm and ovum which are necessary for fertilization. The precursors from omega-3 are less potent in generating ROS than omega-6. Therefore the gametes will be less affected by the effects of ROS under this condition. An imbalance in the omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio has been linked to various complications; like polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS low sperm count etc. Treatment of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with ALA significantly increased the percentage of oocytes at the metaphase II an increase in the percentage of cleaved embryos the blastocyst rate and better -quality embryo compared with untreated controls while higher doses of it were detrimental (Waleed F et al, 2009). Thus the omega-3 FAs and the Redox regulators have multifarious roles before during and after the fertilization process. The role of the polyunsaturated fatty acids is important in both the physiology of sperm and ovum. This is highlighted by their key role in the maintaining the fluidity of the membrane of the sperm, which is needed for fertilization. Further, they are also a important part of the specific class of fucosylated slycosphigolipids, which are important for the male fertility. Besides these, they are also sources of alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals, to help these cells in the event of damages arising due to oxidative stress.

Family Assessment: Pratt and Cartwright Essay

The movie Tyler Perry: The Family That Preys is about Charlotte Cartwright (Kathy Bates) who is a white wealthy socialite and her dear friend Alice Pratt (Alfre Woodard), an African-American working class woman of high ideals. These two have enjoyed a lasting friendship throughout many years after all the ups and downs of life. Alice Pratt, a hard working Christian woman, who raised her two daughters Andrea (Sanaa Lathan) and Pam (Taraji Henson) while managing a simple diner of her own. While Charlotte owns a very profitable construction company in the area in which they both live. After graduation from college Andrea decides to work in a construction corporation owned by Charlotte Cartwright while her sister stays with Alice to work in the diner. Andrea is married to construction worker Chris (Rockmond Dunbar), who works in the same corporation as his wife but dreams of starting up his own business with his brother-in-law Ben (Tyler Perry). Throughout the movie Alice’s self-centered newlywed daughter Andrea is betraying her trusting husband Chris by engaging in a torrid affair with her boss and mothers best friend’s son William (Cole Hauser). While cheating on his wife Jillian (Kadee Strickland) with a string of ongoing dalliances with his mistress Andrea, William’s true focus is to replace Abby Dexter (Robin Givens) the COO of his mother’s lucrative construction corporation. Meanwhile, Alice’s other daughter Pam, a kind but no nonsense woman married to a hard working construction worker Ben, tries to steer the family in a more positive direction. While Alice travels with Charlotte on a road trip, the ambition and infidelity of William triggers a series of events that will affect relationships in both families. Suddenly, their lives become mired in turmoil as their adult children’s extramarital affairs, unethical business practices and a dark paternity secret derails family fortunes and unravel the lives of all involved. This movie is based in a modern day southern city, mostly likely Atlanta, Georgia, and revolves around two families from completely different financial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. Both of the main characters are business owners but that is one of few things they have in common. Alice is woman who is very religious woman but it comes to Charlotte’s religion it is implied that she is not very religious at all. Both women own their own businesses. Alice who owns a diner is depicted to be struggling to get by; while Charlotte is the head of a major construction company has everything she always wanted and seems to want for nothing. The educational level of these characters is not stated, but it seems that any education has nothing to do with life experiences, their friendship, and how they run their businesses.   Alice is depicted to be a loving mother to her two daughters, while Charlotte comes off to be cold and harsh to her son and daughter-in-law.   Both women are the matriarch of their families and are without a husband. Charlotte lives in a big mansion that sits on top of a hill. While Alice lives in town. Both women seem to be well known in the community. Alice is known for her gentle kind heart and Charlotte for her ruthless and witty business practices. Both women have various family issues that seem to be ignored by them throughout the movie. This denial of the past seems to brew its ugly head towards the end of the movie and causes both women to confront the issues they have been putting on the back burner. Alice tries to pass on her religious and moral beliefs to both her daughters, but Andrea seems to have plans of her own. She is very resentful towards her mother for letting her father run off with another woman. She feels like her mother should have fought for her father instead of letting him run off with some woman and leaving them behind broke and struggling. Alice tries to explain to Andrea that what happened to them happened thirty years ago and the path she is going down by having an affair with William isn’t going to come out the way she expects.   Alice tells hers daughter that she needs to try and let go of what happened in the past and that William and her are from two different worlds. She tries to tell her daughter that he will not leave his wife and child for her and that she is ruining her life by have this affair. She tells her daughter that this was not how she raised her children. She tells her daughter that she can’t make herself happy bringing misery to others. Andrea tells her mother she’s going to enjoy the ride all the way. On the other hand Charlotte doesn’t trust her son or his intentions. It seems that he reminds her of his father. She makes this evident when her daughter-in-law Jillian comes to her and tells her that she found out that William is having an affair and it has been going on for years. She tells her daughter-in-law that she thinks she’s weak and that’s why she’s never really cared much for her. She explains to her daughter-in-law that in order to be a Cartwright woman she has to be able to en dour many things to enjoy the comforts that comes with the title. She tells her that his father did the same thing to her and Cartwright men are the kind of men that wonder and they have to be the kind of women that stay a few steps ahead. She explains to her that she now has the upper hand in the relationship and she holds all the cards and it’s up to her how she plays them. Both the Cartwright and the Pratt families have unhealthy coping skills and have big problems with denial. Whether is the way Charlotte interacts with her son and daughter in-law or the feelings of resentment that Andrea feels towards her mother for letting her father leaving them for another woman. Both of these families have unresolved issues that affect their everyday lives and the decisions that they make. This is depicted in the movie by various actions by its main characters. Things such as: Andrea’s unhealthy relationship with a married man, William going behind his mother’s back to try and steal the company from up under her or even Charlotte, unbeknownst to Alice, convincing her to take a road trip West after finding out she has been diagnosed with Early-Onset Alzheimer’s. Each person in this movie has a difficult problem with facing the truth that seems to be staring them right in the face. Each family’s core issues and their inability to resolve these problems are tearing them apart. I believe if it wasn’t for her Alice’s strong belief in God she would have buckled under the stress of her families poor decisions. Because she believed that when trouble hit if she stayed faithful and prayed that everything would work itself out. Whereas Charlotte believed that she controlled her own destiny through strategy and manipulation. The core differences between these two families are that the Cartwright’s believed that money and power are the most important things in life. Whereas the Pratt family, with exception of Andrea, believed that good things come to those who are faithful and good to others. References  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perry, T. (Director). (2008). Tyler Perry: The Family That Preys [Motion Picture].  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2010). Retrieved April 28, 2010, from The Internet Movie Database:  Ã‚   http://www.imdb.com/title/tt114279  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Friedman, M., Bowen, V., Jones, E. (2003). Family Nursing: Research, Theory, and Practice 5th edition.   Ã‚  Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education, Inc.

Analysis of Nestle’s Business Environment

Company Overview Nestle, based in Switzerland, is the world’s leading food and nutrition company measured by revenues (Nestle, 2013). The company sells baby foods, breakfast cereals, coffee, confectionery, frozen food, pet foods, yoghurt and snacks through extensive distribution channels all over the world spreading out from facilities run by the company in over 100 countries. It owns several major consumer brands such as Stouffers, Nescafe, Kit-Kat, Carnation, Nestle water, among many others used by millions each year and which have established Nestle’s successful global brand image (Interbrand, 2013). This success can be attributed to clear focus and vision, as well as success in its continual differentiation and brand positioning which strengthen its market position (Jones, 2012). To sustain this success and thus maintain leadership in its market, the company must often audit and review its strategic position in light of changing factors in its business environment. This paper undert akes this strategic assessment employing the PESTLE framework of analysis. PESTLE analysis The PESTLE framework is a strategic tool used to measure market potential and situation of company (David, 2009). It focuses on factors in the external environment which encompass effects from the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental spheres. Political factors With operations spread out across the globe, Nestle is liable to political influences unique to various jurisdictions including applicable laws and regulations governing business operations, as well as stringent international health and safety requirements of significance in the food and nutrition sector, such as the ISO 9002 and HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) preventative food safety systems. The primary goal of these regulations is the protection of consumers from poor quality, potentially health averse/harmful products (Hill, 2006). The company has suffered challenges related to contamination of its products and poor quality supplies which have led to product recalls and market concern. This has hurt the company’s image and impacted sales as well as challenging it with regard to quality control (Nestle, 2013). The company has responded appropriately to address these, to ensure quality and safeguard confidence in its products (Jones, 2012). For successful engagement internationally, Nestle should endeavour to meet these expectations and to conform to the requisite legislations and regulations applicable. Economic factors The global business environment has recently been significantly hindered by economic setbacks due to downturn and global recession. These have adversely affected demand for products through its effect on consumer spending. However, recovery has been swift and the continuing globalization and consolidation has further enhanced growth and demand for product with the convergence in consumer tastes and preferences globally (Hanson et al., 2011). The rise in emerging market economies portends surplus buying power, as well as economies of scale which proffer added economic advantage (Vandewaetere, 2012). The leverage of huge resource capital and R&D capability into continual introduction and redesign of products enables Nestle to strengthen its competitive advantage. Through the localisation of operations in over 100 countries across the globe, the company manages to address the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on import and export aspects of trade (Jones, 2012). Social factors As a producer of finished consumer goods, Nestle is hugely dependent upon customer satisfaction and desirability of its product range to achieve success (Jones, 2012). The company, thus, chooses to embark on huge spending in its competitive sectors to maintain its brand image and to enhance product desirability. Competitive advantage in the sector requires continuous research and development leading to the frequent introduction of new products and redesign of products (Interbrand, 2013). This is a significant strength of Nestle and among the notable factors upon which its industry, sector or market leadership is based (Nestle, 2013). There is an increasing trend towards healthy eating which is increasing demand for healthier food products. This is laden with potential to affect product lines such as chocolate drinks (Jones, 2012). The company has taken specific steps such as the acquisition of specialised start-ups, and successful partnerships to meet the needs of health conscious co nsumers and thereby to take advantage of emerging market trends and opportunities (Vandewaetere, 2012). Nestle is therefore considered to be well adjusted to its market segments given its focus on this growth driver as well as its focus on popularly-positioned products which aims to provide a brand to meet every need. Its more than 8,000 brands enable it to achieve this strategic focus and to compete successfully against corporate rivals (Interbrand, 2013). Technological factors The fast pace of technological development and associated capabilities portend significant challenge for competitiveness in modern industry. Nestle has endeavoured to keep up through enormous investments in research and development to enhance its capability, as well as process efficiency which have enabled its successful differentiation and enhanced competitiveness (Nestle, 2013). However, the company still experiences challenges in its quality control with its inability to provide consistent quality in food products hurting company image and affecting sales (Jones, 2012). The company’s response in this regard has been quite appropriate enabling it to weather this challenge successfully. It has endeavoured to ensure quality in the foregoing and to safeguard confidence in its products through its seal of guarantee initiative (Interbrand, 2013). Environmental factors Nestle is involved in numerous programs aimed at making the company more eco-friendly which are inherent in its C SR initiatives. However, the company is criticised for its weak approach and over the effectiveness of their programs (Jones, 2012; Interbrand, 2013). With the scale of their operations across the globe and massive quantity of output, it is imperative that the company should enhance focus on its environmental impact which is a notable concern in modern industry. This factor has capacity to ruin reputations and affect performance (Hill, 2006). Legal factors Global operations in diverse jurisdictions require astute legal capabilities which Nestle seems to be endowed with. The company’s successful operations in over 100 countries attest to this giving it an edge in unmatched geographical presence in the industry. It also has notable competency in mergers and acquisitions which have enabled it to diversify and to successfully enter new markets thereby sustaining its competitive edge (Vandewaetere, 2012). Major challenges affecting the company Three major challenges are identified and explored to gauge their effect and to find out ways in which they might be addressed. Quality of products and supplies A major challenge with huge capacity for adverse impact on Nestle’s business potential concerns the quality of products delivered and thus the quality control schemes for its products. There have been instances of contamination of products as well as poor supplies which have led to a number of product recalls from the market (Interbrand, 2013). This challenge is fundamental particularly with regard to operations in the food and nutrition industry which is subject to stringent quality, as well as health and safety regulations. The company is subject to a high bargaining power of customers for the most part due to the availability of a wide range of substitute and alternative products in the market and fierce competition from worthwhile rivals (Carpenter and Sanders, 2007). Flouting of health and safety regulations also portends risk for operations in various jurisdictions and may lead to bans in markets and/or restrictions on the use of concerned products. This would definitely be a hindrance to business and would not only adversely impact sales but also would hurt company image and brand positioning which are vital intangible assets in a highly competitive market (Hanson et al., 2011). To reduce the negative impact of this challenge, the company needs to tighten its quality control procedures and schemes for products and also needs to enforce stringent procedures in the choice of suppliers and in the procurement of raw food items from them (Interbrand, 2013). This would not only guarantee conformance with requisite legislation but would also ensure that quality is maintained and adhered to across the entire supply chain. Also essential are measures to ward off loss of consumer trust and drop in confidence in products offered. Assurances in this regard are critical for the maintenance of brand image and reputation, and as well serve to guarantee product performance in the market (Jones, 2012; Vandewaetere, 2012). Weak implementation of eco-friendly initia tives Nestle pursues eco-friendly initiatives as constituent in its corporate social responsibility (CSR). Yet, these initiatives have been subject to extensive criticism over weakness in its approach and over the effectiveness of their programs (Vandewaetere, 2012). Environmentally friendly initiatives are particularly of concern for such entities as Nestle given their scale of operations across the globe and quantity of product output considering its 8,000 product brands (Interbrand, 2013). The primary objective of the company is the delivery of the best quality in everything from primary produce, choices of suppliers and transport, to recipes and packaging materials (Nestle, 2013). However, every stage in its supply chain is bound to have adverse environmental impact which is a notable concern in modern industry given the drive to environmental responsibility. Disregard of such concerns exposes the company to risks to reputation which could have a direct impact on performance (Ha nson et al., 2011). Increasing trend towards healthy eating With the rise in diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles, food choices, and eating habits, there has emerged global awareness of their impacts on individual health. This has engendered health consciousness and regard for choice of foods and their nutritive value or possible consequences. This has led to a trend towards healthy eating which continues to drive consumer preference and demand for healthier food products (Luthans and Doh, 2012). Such a trend is bound to affect popular product lines, such as chocolate drinks, that Nestle offers impacting demand and therefore market performance (Vandewaetere, 2012). In its consumer goods business, Nestle is hugely dependent upon customer satisfaction and desirability of its products to achieve success. It is thus immensely susceptible to market dynamics and trends such as eh above which it can do very little to control and manage (Kazem and Richard, 2008). The problem is further exacerbated by the emergence of social media and global networking through the internet which continues to drive globalization and which is causing a global convergence of consumer tastes and preferences (Hanson et al., 2011; Luthans and Doh, 2012). To counter this challenge, the company needs to embark on initiatives to develop a healthier range of products to cater to health conscious consumers and thereby to take advantage of the emerging trend and opportunities. Nestle should be keen to note the various dynamics and their impact on performance, and should develop flexibility which would enable faster response and adaptability to changes in the market (Jones, 2012). With a sound financial resource base, it is prudent for the company to pursue mergers and acquisitions, which it has done quite successfully, leveraging on its competence in that regard (Vandewaetere, 2012). This way, it is able to hasten its learning curve and guarantee success of initiatives (David, 2009) particularly in light of the fact that the company has an immense range of brands and a complex operational matrix which are in themselves quite a challenge to manage successfully. Conclusion Several factors affect Nestle in its international operations among them political, economic, social, technological, as well as environmental and legal factors, which are significant influences determining the success of operations in modern business environment. Three particular challenges are identified as having substantial impact on Nestle’s operations and business potential. They include: quality of products and supplies which portends loss of confidence in product; the company’s weak implementation of eco-friendly initiatives which are essential not only to check the environmental impact, but also serve as proof for goodwill to society; and, the increasing trend towards healthy eating which is a concern for future competitiveness of the company’s products. These challenges should be addressed to guarantee success of products in markets, as well as overall competitiveness. References Carpenter, M., and W., Sanders, (2007). Strategic Management: A Dynamic Perspective. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. David, F. R. (2009), Strategic management: concept and cases (12th Ed). Pearson, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hanson, D., M., Hitt, R., Ireland, & R., Hoskisson, (2011). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and globalisation (Asia-Pacific, 4th Ed). South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Hill, C., (2006) International Business: Competing in the Global Economy, (7th Ed) Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Interbrand (2013). Best Global Brands 2012. Accessed 1/9/2014 from: http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx Jones, S., (2012). Strategic Management at Nestle. Accessed 1/9/2014 from: http://www.articlesbase.com/management-articles/strategic-management-at-nestle-5907881.html Kazem, C., and L., Richard, (2008). Sustainable competitive advantage: towards a dynamic resource-based strategy. East London Business School: University of East London, UK. Luthans, F., and J., Doh, (2012). International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behaviour, (8th Ed). Maidenhead: McGrawHill Nestle, (2013). Annual Report – 2013 (English). Accessed 2/9/2014 from: http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/Documents/Library/Documents/Annual_Reports/2013-Annual-Report-EN.pdf Vandewaetere, B., (2012). Personal Interview – 28th November, 2012: Responsible for European Affairs, Nestle. Accessed 2/9/2014 from: www.Nestle.com